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Copyright © 1998 Language Links. All rights reserved. |
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This is an attempt to present a dictionary of Cebuano that describes its core lexicon adequately and accurately, yet user-friendly and economical. It takes into consideration the ordinary users --the language learners, the native speakers, and language practitioners (i.e., the translators, interpreters, language teachers, etc). Although it employs linguistic principles and theories, it will veer away from being technical to dampen the interest or frustrate the users. This is an endeavor to present a simple dictionary that is easy to use and understand yet linguistically significant. Grammar notes relevant to the use of this dictionary --phonology, morphology
and syntax, and other related information-- may be found at the Cebuano
studies section, Fil Ling button of this homepage. This part is explained
simply and should not be difficult for learners to grasp. Explained very
briefly below are the lexical categories used.
Word classification Nouns are name words. They refer to things, places, people and
events. They may come with or without markers and can be replaced by pronouns
--personal or demonstrative. Root nouns can stand alone. By affixation,
they can become other nouns, adjectives, or verbs. Some of the affixes
used with nouns are as follows:
Verbs are actions words. Some verbs express feelings, conditions,emotions.
In Cebuano almost all words can become verbs by affixation. Verbal
affixes give the verbs their inflection with respect to VOICE, MOOD,
and ASPECT.
Pronouns are noun-substitutes.They are inflected for person
(First,Second, Third), number (singular and plural) and case (nominative,
genetive I (preposed), genetive 2 (postposed), oblique. They can be personal,
demonstrative and relative. Below is a table showing the different forms
of personal pronouns.
Adjectives are picture words; they describe nouns. They are inflected for number and comparison. They take the infix -g- as pluralizer (as in dako, pl. = dagko). For comparison, the expresssions sama sa, mas...kay, pinaka- or labing + Adj. are used. An adjective may also be reduplicated to denote diminutive degree. With the use of DILI adjectives can be negated as in dili gwapa Adverbs are words that refer to the time, manner and frequency of the action. They are also adjective intensifiers. Some examples of adverbs are: kagabii, kapila, kaduha, inigkabuntag, kaayo, karon. Particles are without inflections and they are used for emphasis or to amplify the meaning of the words they modify. Some particles are ug, man, bitaw, diay, ra, gud, pa, na. Conjunctions are words that connect. The connect words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Examples of conjunctions are ug,kon, kung, o, pero, apan. Prepositions are locational or time words. Here are some prepositions: sa, tupad, atbang, kilid, luyo. Interjections are words or expressions used as an exclamation.
Pagdali! (Hurry!); Maayo! (Good!); Pagkawala'y buot! (Fool!).
II SAMPLE DICTIONARY © Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
a1 imperative
forming affix for direct passive (-on)
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Palita ang bisikleta, Buy the bicycle. Pangitaa ang ang libro, Look for the book. a2 definitizer suffix or nouns. Kining balaya, this house; Pwerting kusoga sa bagyo, The storm was very strong. abay v mag-abay 1 to stand or sit together. Mag-abay kita sa simbahan, Let's sit together in church. 2 to be a bridesmaid or best man in a wedding. Mag-abay ako sa kasal sa akong igsoon sa Domingo, I'll be the best man in my sister's wedding on Sunday. abyan, n friend, defender, adlaw n 1 sun. bidlisiw sa adlaw, rays of the sun; inadlaw adj lukewarm. 2 day. unang adlaw sa semana, first day of the week. Adlaw sa Pagpahulay, Day of Rest Mahal nga Adlaw, Holy Week. adlawng natawhan n birthday. kaadlawan, n day of the main celebration. Sa Domingo ang kaadlawan sa pista, Sunday is the feast day. kaadlawon n dawn, daybreak. Kaadlawon na pag-abot namo, It was dawn when we arrived. adlawan adj sunny. adlaw-adlaw, adj daily. kalan-on sa adlaw-adlaw, daily bread. moadlaw v. amo n master. But-an ang akong amo, My master is sensible. SYN agalon amô n monkey. SYN unggoy. mag-inamo v to behave like a monkey. amò pron preposed first person, plural, genetive. our, ours. Amo ang balay, The house is ours. among balay, our house. an1 verbal suffix denoting 1. indirect passive.Baligyaan ko siyag balay, I’ll sell him a house. 2 locative passive. Palitan ko siyag bu3 benefactive passive. Hatagan kog tubig ang bata, I’ll give the child some water. 4 cleaning motions. Hugasan niya ang awto, He’ll wash the car; Limpiyohan nila ang kwarto, They’ll clean the room; Trapohan ni Maria ang lamisa, Maria will wipe the table. an2 affix used to derive adjective denoting possession of of the quality implied by the root. Kwartahan ang ilang pamilya,They’re a rich family. ani1 n harvest. ting-ani, n harvest season. alanihon, n crops to be harvested. ani, n crops harvested tig-ani, mangangani, n harvesters. mangani/anihon, v. ani2 v to reap. Ang imong ipugas maoy imong anihon, You reap what you sow. antos v mag-antos/antoson. 1 to suffer. Dugay na siyang nag-antos sa kapobrehon, He's suffered from poverty for a long time. 2. maantos, v to bear, endure. Maantos mo ba ang iyang kaseloso? Can you bear his jealousy? pag-antos, n suffereing. alantoson, n burden. mainantoson, adj long-suffering. ayaw particle negation for imperatives. Ayaw paglakaw, Don't go. pag-ayaw, n. moayaw, v. badigárd [Eng]
n bodyguard. Namatay sa ambus ang
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badigard ni Presidente, The President’s bodyguard died in the ambush badyet [Eng] n budget. Dako ang badyet para sa eleksyon, The election budget is huge. magbadyet / badyetan v to budget. Magbadyet sila para sa fiesta, They’ll set a budget for the fiesta. Badyetan ta Let’s set a budget for that. Badyeton ta ang kwarta aron moigo, Let’s budget the money so it will suffice. baláy n. house. kabalayan n. housing area. pambalay, n. housewear. panimalay n. household. buluhaton sa panimalay n household chores.tagbalay n. house owner. tigbalay n. house builder. magbalay/ balayan v to build a house. Magbalay kami sa Cavite, We'll build a house in Cavite Balayan siya sa iyang Papa, Her father will build her a house. balay v. mobalay/ balayon 1 to put together parts of a whole together. Siya ang mobalay sa kabinet, He will be the one to assemble the cabinet. 2 to compose a poem or a musical piece.Balayon niya ang kanta, He will compose the song. 3 to plan a coursre of action.Gibalay niya ang plano. He planned the course of action. magbabalay n planner, assembler, composer. binalay, n planned or assembled thing. gambalay n. building , construction. balaybalay n. play house; temporary shelter. magbalay- balay, to play house. Nagbalaybalay pa ang mga bata,The children are still playing house. balaybalayan v to put up temporary shelter. 2 to go from house to house bampir [Eng.bumper] n car bumper. Nakumi ang bampir pag-igo sa koral, The bumper became dented upon hitting the fence. bana n husband. Kinsay iyang bana? Who's her husband? pamanhonon, n groom. mamana, v to take a husband. bata n child. kabataan, n children. pagkabata, n childhood. bataón, adj youngish. binata, adj childish. magbinata/binataan, v to be childish. Nagbinata ka na usab, You are being childish again. batabata, n. an ally, an aide. batabata, v to request one for a favor. Ibatabata ra kog sira sa bintana, Please close the window for me. batâ v magbatâ/bataon 1 to be a sponsor in child baptism. Bataon ko ang iyang anak, I'll be asponsor in her child's baptism. binatâ, n godchid. SYN kinugos. 2 to be a principal sponsor in a wedding.Magbatâ si Presidente Estrada sa kasal karong bulana, Presi- dent Estrada will be a principal sponsor in a wedding this month. SYN magluhod sa kasal. linudhan sa kasal, n couple one sponsored in a wedding.. blakmarket [Eng] n blackmarket. Taas ang bili sa dolyar sa blakmarket, The value of dollar in the blackmarket is high.
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- K -
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- D -ka1 pronoun
enclitic form of ikaw, second person singular
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nominative. Mosayaw ka ba? Are you going to dance? ka2 particle numeral linker. tulo ka libro, three books. usa ka gatos ka pesos, one hundred pesos kadungganan see dungog kanta n song. Nindot kanang kantaha, That's a nice song. mokanta/kantahon, v to sing. Mokanta si Pilita sa Canada, Pilita will sing in Canada. Unsay atong kantahon? What will we sing? kantor, n the person singing in church or in special liturgies. SYN awit. kapot1 var. kupot v mokapot/kaptan 1 to hold. Kaptan ko ang bata., I'll hold the child. Mikapot ang bata sa iyang nanay, The child held on to his mother. hikaptan v to get hold of. kaptanan, n handle. tigkapot n holder. hingapot, adj. fond of holding. kinaptanan, n. keepsake. 2 to have. Siya ang nagkapot sa yawi, She has the key. 3 to hold an office or position. Dugay na niyang gikaptan kana nga posisyon, He has held that position for a long time. kapot2 v 1. to operate a machine. Mahibalo ka bang mokupot ning makinaha?, Do you know how to operate this machine? 2 to play a musical instrument. Hanite siyang mokapot sa sista, He plays the guitar well. karon adv now. karon'g adlawa, today. karon dayon, right now sa pagkakaron, as of now. karon'g mga panahona, nowadays. matag karon ug unya,every now and then. hangtod karon,until now.sukad karon, from now on. kawkus [Eng] n caucus. May kawkus unya, There’s a caucus later. magkawkus, v to hold a caucus. Magkawkus ang konseho, The council will hold a caucus. kinaiya n character, trait, inherent quality, nature. Mao kana ang kinaiya sa mananap, That's the nature of an animal. kinaiyahan, n nature. kinatawo n see tawo kita1 v mokita/kitaon, to earn. Mokita ang drayber ug P500 kada adlaw, A driver earns P500 a day. Pilay kitaon mo sa usa ka semana? How much do you earn in one week? n earnings. kita2 v magkita/makigkita, 1 to see each other.Magkita sila sa sunod semana, They’ll see each other next week. Makigkita kanako ang mayor sa Lunes, The mayor will see me on Monday.ipakita, v. to show. Ipakita ta kanila ang album, Let’s show them the album. kitá pron first person, nominative, plural inclusive pronoun. Mangadto kita sa Rizal, We’re going to Rizal. kita-kita lang, idiom exclusively us. kuan idiom used 1. to express something one wants hidden. Nakuan (naburosan) diay ni Jose si Maria, Jose got Maria pregnant. 2 as substitute for something which does not readily come to mind. Ambi ra nang kuan diha, Can you give me that ..... kulon n earthen pot used for cooking. magkúkolon, n potter. dakó adj big, large.
dakodakó adj. slightly bigger.
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kadak-on, gidak-on, n size. dakong tawo n an important person. modako/dak-an, v to make bigger. Modako ang problema mo kon imong pasagdan, Your problem will become bigger if you don’t attend to it. Inyo bang dak-an ang dalan? Are you making the roads bigger? dakodako n leader, head of a group. Si Pedro ang dako- dako sa unyon, Pedro is the leader of the union. dagko adj. 1 plural of dako. dagkodagko slightly bigger. dumalagko, dagkoon, bigger kind of plants and animals. dinagko, on a bigger scale. kadagkoan n officials. magdako/modako v 1 to grow up. Diin man kamo mangdagko? Where did you grow up? 2 to grow. Managko pa ba kanang mga tanoma? Will those plants still grow? dinak-an n. things outgrown. Ipanghatag na kanang inyong dinak-an nga sinina. Give the dresses you’ve outgrown away. dali adj easy, quick, fast. Dali ra kanang trabahoa,That’s an easy job. kadali n fastness, speed. dali-onon n pressing job or task. dinalian adj urgent. madalidalion adj impulsive, hasty.magdali/dalion v Nagdali man sila paglakaw, They left in a hurry. Dalion ta kini pagluto, Let’s cook this fast. dalidali v to do something Ayaw pagdalidali, Don't be hasty. dinalidali adj. dinalidali nga trabaho, work hastily done. pagdalidali n haste. SYN paspas. ANT hinay. dayag adj clear, not secret. Dayag nga wala siya malipay, It's clear that he's not happy. sa dayag, adv. outwardly. magpadayag/ipadayag, v to epress one's thoughts or feelings. Ipadayag ang imong hunahuna, Express your opinions. tigpadayag, n spokesperson. pasundayag, n show, exhibit. pinadayag n revelation dayal [Eng] n dial. Kini ang DXCC, 8.30 sa dayal sa inyong mga radyo, This is DXCC, 8.30 on your radio dial. magdayal/idayal, v. to dial a phone number. Idayal ra ko niini, Please dial this number for me. deploy [Eng] v magdeploy, to send contract workers overseas. Nagdeploy na ba ang inyong agency? Has your agency deployed workers yet? dungog1 n reputation, honor. maayog dungog, good reputation. kadungganan, n fame. dungganon, adj honorable.pasidungog, n honor. pasidunggan, v to honor. pinasidunggang mamumulong, n guest speaker gidungog, v known to be. Gidungog nga balbal ang ilang kaliwat, They are reputed to be descendants of witches dungog2 v madungog/dunggon to hear. Dunggon mo ang among mga mulo, Hear our complaints. dunggan (dalunggan) n ears. igdulungog, n sense of hearing. dungog-dungog, n heresay. duyog n musical accompaniment. magduyog/duyogan v 1 to accompany with a musical instrument. tigduyog, n accompanist. 2 to get involved emotionally. moduyog sa ilang kalipay, share in their joy. dyanitor [Eng] n janitor. Asa ang dyanitor? Where's the janitor? magdyanitor, v Nagdyanitor siya aron makaeskwela, He worked as a janitor so he could study
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- I / G -
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- L -i- verbal affix in passive sentences 1 where
instrument of
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action is the focus. Ihiwa ko sa karne ang kutsilyo,I'll slice the meat with the knife. Ipalit nila ug balay ang ilang tinigom, They'll use their savings to buy a house. 2 when conveyance is expressed. Igawas namo ang lamisa, We'll bring the table outside. 3 with separation verbs.Ihatag nila sa basurero ang daang peryodiko, They'll give away the old newpapers to the garbage collector. 4 with imperatives or request. Ikuha ra ko sa tambal., Please get me the medicine. 5 with verbs following adjectives. Maayo nang ilakaw 'ron, It's time to get going -i verbal suffix in the imperative form of the indirect passive.Bisitahi siya, Visit her. Hatagi kamig tambal, Give us medicine. ika- prefix. 1 for ordinal numerals. ikaduha, second. ikatulo, third. 2 denoting capability or instrumentality. Ikapalit ug balay kanang kwartaha, That money can buy a house. ikaw pronoun second person, singular, nominative. Gihigugma ko ikaw, I love you ikaw ug ako, you and I. gabii n night, evening. kagabhion n night time. tungang gabii n midnight. panggabii, n night shift. mogabii/ magabin-an, v Mogabii na, Night is coming. magabin-an/magabhian, to be overtaken by nightfall. Magpagabii na lang kita, Let’s just wait for nightfall. gabigabii, ginabii adv nightly. magabii, at night. kagabii, last night. karon'g gabii, tonight. Maayong gabii, Good evening. garden [Eng] n flower or vegetable garden. mag-garden/ gardinan, v Mag-garden ako unya, I’ll do some gardening later. Gardinan niya ang iyang nataran, She’ll cultivate a garden in her yard. SYN tanaman, hardin gradwit [Eng] v to graduate from school. Mogradwit siya sa Marso, He’ll graduate in March. hayskul gradwit n high school graduate. groseri [Eng] n grocery. Tua sa groseri ang iyang maestra, Her teacher is at the grocery. mag-groseri, v Magroseri sila kada Martes, They go to the grocery every Tuesday. lakaw v molakaw/lakwan
to leave. Molakaw na sila,
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They're leaving now. Gilakwan nila ang ilang tatay, They left their father. n trip. Kumusta ang imong lakaw? How was your trip? lakaw sa panahon n weather situationer. lakaw sa negosyo, business trend. 2 maglakaw/lakwon, to go somewhere on foot. Maglakaw lang mi pamerkado, We'll just walk to the market. Ilakaw ko usa kining iro, I’ll first take this dog for a walk. Lakwon nila ang walo ka kilometro, They’ll walk the 80 kilometer-distance.lakawlakaw, v to move about. talakaw, lakawan, adj fond of moving about. linakwan n manner of walking. 3 magpalakaw, v to manage or operate a business. Kinsay magpalakaw niining negosyoha? Who'll operate this business? lakwonon n things or business to follow up. Daghan kaayo ko'g lakwonon 'rong adlawa, I have many things to follow up today. lagyo adj plural form of layo. Lagyo kaayo ang pagta- nom sa mga rosas, The roses are planted too far apart. iglagyo adj distant relative Dili ko siya iglagyo, He is my close relative. taglagyo far from each other. maglagyo/lagyoon, v to be separated from each other. Maglagyo kami sulod sa usa ka tuig, We’ll be separated for a year Lagyoon nila kami, They’ll separate us. pagkalagyo, paglagyoay n separation. layo adj far. halayo'ng mga dapit, distant places. layolayo, a little far. kalay-on, gilay-on n distance. kinalay-an, n the farthest. molayo/ ilayo v to become far.Molayo ang atong lakwon, Our walk will be farther. Ilayo kaniya ang iring, Take the cat away from her. lawas n body. lawasnon adj bodily, carnal. panglawas n health. maayong panlawas, good health. lawas ni Cristo, body of Christ. linawas adj in person. makighilawas, v to fornicate.Makighilawas kaha siya sa hostes? Do you think he’ll commit fornication with a prostitute? lisod adj difficult, hard. Lisod kaayo ang pasulit. The test is very difficult. maglisod/lisdan, v Naglisod sila, They are in a bind. kalisod, kalisdanan, n difficulties. lungsod n town. lungsoranon, n townfolk, citizen. tagilungsod, n townmate luyo prep behind. luyo sa dag-om, behind the clouds. luyo’g-luyo, both sides. luyoluyo n assistant. magpaluyo v to support. tigpaluyo, n supporter.
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- M -
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- O / P -ma-1 an
active verbal affix expressing state or condition,
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feelings or emotions. Mahadlok siya nimo, He's afraid of you. Malipay gyud ang iyang asawa, His wife will surely be happy. ma-2 a passive verbal affix for ablitative or accidental mood; the passive counterpart of maka-. Mabasa niya ang libro, He can read the book. Napalit na gyud niya ang balay, He finally was able to buy the house. ma-3 adjective forming affix. malipayon, cheerful. matahom, beautiful. maampingon, careful. maka- active verbal affix denoting 1 ability. Makabasa siya ug hinapon, She can read Japanese; 2 an action one managed to do. Nakasakay ra gyud sila, They finally managed to get a ride. 3 accidental action. Nakatagbo kami ug irong buang, We accidentally ran into a rabid dog. mag-1active verbal affix added to nouns indicating 1 use of the noun Nagsapatos siya gahapon,He wore shoes yesterday. Mag-eroplano sila, They’ll take the plane. 2 the state of becoming the noun. Magpiloto siya, He’ll train to be a pilot. mag-2 active verbal affix denoting 1 durative and purposive action. Magtanom sila'g pinya They'll plant pineapples. 2 reciprocal or collective or concerted action. Magkita kita ugma, Let's see each other tomorrow. Magwelga ang pipila ka mga empleyado, Some of the employees will go on strike.3 action done by the actor to himself or herself. Nagligo pa siya, He's still taking a bath. mo- active verbal affix 1 denoting instantaneous and immediately completed action. Mitindog siya, He stood up Mopalit siya'g pagkaon, He'll buy food 2 for locative action. Mopauli na ko, I'm going home now. Mobalik ba kamo? Are you coming back? 3 with adjectives to express condition of becoming (the adjective). Gusto niyang moniwang, She likes to become thin. 4 with locative nouns to epress movement toward the place. mogarahe, to park. 5 expressing impersonal actions. Miandar ba ang makina, Is the engine running? 5 for expressing natural phenomena. Ang adlaw mosubang sa sidlakan, The sun rises in the east-. -on1
verbal affix for direct passive. Dalhon namo ang
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bisekleta, We'll bring the bicycle Kan- on nila ang mangga, They'll eat the mangoes. -on2 suffix added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives denoting such kind. mahalon nga awto, expensive car. baratohon nga regalo, cheap sort of gift pa- affix attached to verb stems denoting causative aspect. Patupihi siya, Have his hair cut. Palutoa ang kusinera ug pansit, Have the cook prepare pancit. pa particle 1 yet, still. Namahaw pa ako, I’m still eating breakfast. Tua pa sa Cebu ang gobernador, The governor is still in Cebu.Wala pa namo madawat ang sulat, We haven’t received the letter yet. 2 prior to, before. Sa wala pa mobagyo, Before the typhoon. Sa wala pa siya mamatay, Prior to his death. pag-1 affix used in the derivation of the imperative.Paglaba na, Do the laundry now. Ayaw paglakaw, Don’t go. pag-2 derivational affix indicating “when” or “upon” Pagkahibalo niya niana, mitago siya, When she knew of that, she went into hiding. pagkatawo see tawo paglakaw see lakaw pag-umangkon n niece or nephew pahayag n declaration, tatement, expression. Ang pahayag sa presidente mihatag ug paglaom sa katawhan, The president’s statement gives the people hope. mopahayag/ ipahayag, v declare, reveal, express. Akoy mopahayag sa iyang sekreto, I’ll reveal her secret. Ipahayag ang imong opinyon, Express your opinion. pahayagan n newspaper. tigpahayag n spokesperson. panimalay see balay paniudto n meal eaten at noontime, lunch. Unsa bay paniudto ta? What’s our lunch? maniudto/paniudtohon, v Maniudto na ba kita?Are we taking our lunch now? Unsay ipaniudto sa mga bata? What will the children eat for lunch? Ipaniudto ta na lang ang lechon, Let’s have the lechon for lunch. paundayag see dayag pero [Sp] conj but. gwapa pero bugok, pretty but dumb. SYN apan..
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- T -
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- U / W -tag-1 noun forming
affix denoting ownership the thing
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implied in the root. tagbalay, n house owner. tagsala, n sinner. tagtungod, n the person concern. tag-2 disrtibutive affix. tag-usa, one each. taga-1 affix indicating place of origin. Taga-asa ka man diay? Where are you from, by the way. Taga-Cagayan de Oro, From Cagayan de Oro. taga-2 affix indicating affiliation. Taga-Lakas NUCD sila, They’re affiliated with Lakas NUCD. taga-3 affix indicating extent of height and depth. Taga- tuhod ang tubig sa dalan, The water on the road is knee-deep. tig- noun forming affix denoting ownership of action. tighulam, n borrower tigkapot, n keeper.. tawo n 1 human being, person, man. Tawo ba siya o hayop? Is he a human bring or a beast? katawhan n mankind. kinatawo n natural tendencies of man; the genitals. dakong tawo, n an important person isigkatawo n fellowman.makitawo adj pro-people, pro-labor. pagkatawo n the state of being human; personality. tawhanon adj . tawhanong katungod n human rights ulitawo n bachelor. 2 a protegee of somebody . Tawo siya ni Ramos, He’s Ramos’ protegee. tawo v 1 motawo, to mind the store or the house. Kinsay motawo sa tindahan? Who'll mind the store? 2 matawhan, to come to one's senses. Matawhan gihapon siya ugma damlag, He'll come to his senses in the days to come. 3 matawo, to be born. Asa ka natawo? Where were you born? pagkatawo, n. birth. adlaw'ng natawhan, birthday. Yutang natawhan, one’s country tawhan adj inhabited by spirits and supernatural beings; haunted. Tawhan kuno kanang balaya, That house is said to be haunted. Tawhan ang kahoy duol sa among balay, The tree near our house is inhabited supernatural beings. balayng tawhan n haunted house. tawotawo n 1 scarecrow as in tawotawo sa humayan. 2 dummy, n. Tawotawo lamang siya busa dili siya makadesisyon, He's only a dummy so he can't decide. 3 caricature Nindot ang tawotawo sa editoryal karon, The caricature in the editorial today is nice. ug1
conj 1 and. ikaw ug ako, you and I. iring ug
iro,
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cat and dog. 2 if Molakaw ta ug moundang ang ulan, We'll leave if the rain stops. ug2 indef. art., a , some. Nagdala ug prutas ang mga bisita, The visitors brought some fruits.. unsa interrogative particle what.
Unsay imong ngalan,
unya adv 1 later. unya
na, later on; unya sa hapon,
unya-unya, v to procrastinate.unyaunyaon/
walà negation particle.
1 non-possession of somehing.
walá n left hand.
walhon adj lefthanded. liko sa wala,
wala v mawala/walaon
1 to get lost. Nawala kami sa
jaguar@languagelinks.org Copyright © 1998 by Jessie Grace U. Rubrico All rights reserved.
III. ENGLISH-CEBUANO GLOSSARY ©Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
Copyright © 1998. All rights reserved. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico 21 October 1998 www.bigfoot.com/~ijrubrico jaguar@languagelinks.org |
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Copyright © 1998 Language Links. All rights reserved. |